evolution nissan GTR

Nissan Skyline is a car which managed to prove to the western world, that the peoples of Asia are also able to embarrass the automotive west.

History has proved that in racing Nissan Skyline beat and humiliate Ferrari.

Nissan Skyline therefore regarded as a symbol of the triumph of the Japanese in the automotive world.

ALSID-1/ALSID-2/BLRA-3

Prince Skyline

production 1957-1963

33,759 units sold

Body style: 4-door sedan, 4-door van, 2-door coupe

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) 1.5 L I4-30 GA, 1.5 GA-4 I4L L, 1.9 L I4-30 GB

wheelbase of 2535 mm

Length of 4280 mm

Width 1675 mm

Height 1535 mm

The first Skyline was introduced in April 1957 by the Prince Motor Company, and marketed as a luxury car. features offered 1.5 L engine (1482 cc) GA-30 is a machine that produces power 44 kW (60 hp) @ 4,400 rpm. menggugunakan de Dion tube for the rear suspension and capable of driving up to 140 km / h (87 mph). weighs about 1300 kg. Prince Skylines created as a four-door sedan and five-door wagon

S50 / BLSID

Prince Skyline

production 1963-1968

114,238 units sold

Body style: 4-door sedan, 5-door van,

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) 1.5 L I4 G-1 (S50), 2.0 L G-7 I6 (2000GT), 1.5 L G15 I4 (S57)

Transmission (s) 5-speed manual

Wheelbase of 2590 mm

Length of 4255 mm

Width 1495 mm

Height 1410 mm

In 1961 Fuji Precision Industries changed its name to Prince after the merger in th1954, and the S50 series was launched, like its predecessor, comes with a sedan and wagon bodystyles. This is the second-generation car, and became one of the favorite cars in Japan. supported by G-1 engine, with power of 70 hp (52 kW). A 1862 cc engine is also available, delivering 91 hp (68 kW). S50 series is available with 3-speed transmission or a 4-speed transmission, available in two options, namely 4-door sedan (S50) or 5-door wagon (W50).

model:

* S54A - 1988 cc G-7 single-carb I6, 105 hp (78 kW)

* S54B - 1988 cc G-7 triple-carb I6, 125 hp (94 kW)

C10

Love Skyline

production 1968-1972

310,447 units sold

Body style: 4-door sedan, 4-door van, 2-door coupe

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) 1.5 L G15 I4, 1.8 L G18 I4, 2.0 L L20 I6 (2000GT),

2.0 L I6 S20 (GT-R)

Wheelbase of 2640 mm

Length of 4430 mm

Width 1595 mm

Height 1405 mm

C10 series in 1968, produced by Prince Opama company R & D center in suburban Tokyo, marketed by Nissan emblem. At the time of C10 for sale, Prince's name had been completely removed on cars and trucks. all car sales dealer network prince became Nissan, and marketing center in Mita prince moved to Nissan headquarters in Ginza. The C10 Skyline was launched with Nissan's 1.5 L OHC G15 I4 like the S57. A 1.8 L G18 version is also available.

A hardtop coupé was introduced in October 1970.

model:

* 1500 - 1.5 L G15 I4, 88 hp (71 kW, 128 N m)

* 1500 - 1.5 L G15 I4, 95 hp (71 kW, 128 N m)

* 1800 - 1.8 L G18 I4, 105 hp (78 kW, 150 N m)

* 2000GT - 2.0 L L20 I6, 120 hp (90 kW, 167 N m)

* 2000GT-R - 2.0 L S20 I6, 160 hp (118 kW, 180 N m)

C110

"Ken and Mary" Skyline

production 1972-1977

670,562 units sold

Body style 4-door saloon,2-door,5-door coupe and station wagon

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) 1.6 L G16 I4

1.8 L G18 I4

2.0 L I4 L20B

I6 2.0 L L20A

2.0 L I6 S20

2.4 L L24 I6

Wheelbase of 2610 mm

Length of 4460 mm

Width 1395 mm

Height 1625 mm

C110 generation was produced from 1972 until 1977.

To export in the 1970s, C110 and GC110 Skyline sold as the Datsun K-series, with models of Datsun Datsun 160K 180K and 240K.

four-door sedan body styles, two-door hardtop coupe and five-door station wagon. C110 is more stylish than its predecessor, the C110 is the first version to feature a round taillights, which later became typical design of Skyline.

model:

* 1600GT - 1.6 L G16 I4

* 1800GT - 1.8 L G18 I4

* 2000GT-X - 2.0 L L20A I6, 130 hp (96 kW, 172 N m)

* 2000GT-R - 2.0 L S20 I6, 160 hp (118 kW, 180 N m)

C210

Skyline JAPAN

Production 1977-1981

539.727 units sold

Body style (s) 4-door sedan, 2-door coupe, 5-door station wagon

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) I4

1.6 L L16T

1.8 L L18T

1.6 L Z16S

2.0 L Z20E

2.0 L Diesel LD20

i6

2.0 L L20E

2.0 L L20ET

2.8 L Diesel LD28

Wheelbase 2.615 mm

Length 4.600 mm

Width 1.625 mm

Height 1.390 mm

The success of 1977 C210/211 and GC210/211 separates Skyline became the basic model and six-cylinder (V6). This variant continued until 1981. marketed under the name Datsun C211 240K/280K and 240C/280C variants l

model:

* 1600TI - 1.6 L L16T I4, 95 hp (71 kW, 132 N m)

* 1800TI - 1.8 L L18T I4, 115 hp (86 kW, 152 N m)

* 2000GT-EL - 2.0 L L20E I6, 130 hp (97 kW, 167 N m)

* 2000GT-EX - 2.0 L L20ET turbo I6, 145 hp (108 kW, 206 N m)

R30

New Skyline

production 1981-1985

406,432 units sold

Body style (s) 4-door saloon,2-door,5-door hatchback coupe

5-door station wagon

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) 1.8 L I4 Z18S

1.8 L I4 CA18E

I4 2.0 L Z20E

2.8 L I6 LD28

2.0 L L20E I6

2.0 L I6 L20ET

2.4 L L24E I6

2.8 L L28E I6

2.0 L I4 FJ20E

2.0 L I4 FJ20ET

Wheelbase of 2615 mm

Length of 4620 mm

Width 1675 mm

Height 1385 mm

Launch of the R30 series in August 1981, which was built in C31 Laurel platform. R30 is available in coupe form, two-door hardtop, four-door sedan, five-door hatchback (available only in the R30 generation) or four-door station wagon, There are 26 variations of the R30 Skyline available

DR30

Facelift or changes to the R30. DR30 (1983) FJ20ET turbocharged engine in the 2000RS-Turbo. power of 140 kW (190 PS, 188 hp) at 6400 rpm and 225 N m (166 £ ¨ ft) of torque at 4800 rpm d, FJ20ET is the most powerful production engine in Japan at that time.

Models:

* 1800TI - 1.8 L Z18S SOHC I4, 105 hp (77 kW), later models CA18S 1.8 L SOHC I4, 105 hp (77 kW)

* 2000TI - 2.0 L SOHC I4 CA20E

* 2000TI - 2.0 L Z20E SOHC I4

* 280D GT - 2.8 L LD28 SOHC I6 Diesel

* 2000GT and Passage - 2.0 L L20E SOHC I6

* 2000GT Turbo, Passage and Paul Newman Version - 2.0 L L20ET turbo I6, 140 hp (103 kW, 206 N m)

* RS - 2.0 L DOHC FJ20E I4, 150 hp (112 kW, 181 N m)

* RS-X and RS-X Turbo C - 2.0 L DOHC turbo I4 FJ20ET, 190 to 205 hp (140 to 151 kW, 225 to 245 N m)

R31

7th Skyline (1985-1987)

Production 1985-1989

309.716 units sold

Body style (s) 4-door sedan

4-door hardtop

2-door coupe

Layout FR (rear wheel drive)

Engine (s) 1.8 L I4 CA18I

2.0 L I4 CA20E

2.0 L I6 RB20E

2.0 L I6 RB20ET

2.0 L I6 RB20DE

I6 2.0 L RB20DET

RB20DET-R 2.0 L I6

3.0 L I6 RB30E

RD28 2.8 L Diesel I6

Wheelbase 2.615 mm

Length 4.650 mm

Width 1.690 mm

Height 1.385 mm

The R31 Skyline of 1986 was a natural evolution in the form of R30, and a platform built from Laurel (C32). The design is slightly larger and compact than previous Skylines. Available to design a hardtop sedan, coupe 4-door sedan and station wagon. Skyline to the seventh generation

Models:

* 1800 C, 1800 EXCEL 1800 and Passage - 1.8 L SOHC I4 CA18S, 90 hp (66 kW)

* EXCEL D GT, GT Passage D - 2.8 L SOHC I6 Diesel RD28, 92 hp (68 kW, 173 N m)

* EXCEL GT, GT Passage - 2.0 L SOHC RB20E I6, 128 hp (96 kW)

* EXCEL TWIN CAM 24V GT, GT TWIN CAM 24V Passage - 2.0 L DOHC RB20DE I6, 155 hp (114 kW)

* GT TURBO Passage - 2.0 L SOHC RB20ET turbo I6, 167 hp (125 kW, 206 N m)

* Passage GT TURBO TWIN CAM 24V - 2.0 L RB20DET DOHC turbo I6, 180 hp (133 kW, 225 N m)

* GTS - 2.0 L DOHC RB20DE I6, 155 hp (114 kW)

* GTS Turbo - 2.0 L RB20DET DOHC I6, 180 hp (133 kW, 225 N m)

* GTS-X - 2.0 L RB20DET DOHC turbo I6, 190 hp (141 kW, 240 N m)

* GTS-R - 2.0 L RB20DET-R DOHC turbo I6, 210 hp (154 kW, 245 N m)

* GTS Autech - 2.0 L RB20DET-R DOHC turbo I6, 210 hp (154 kW, 245 N

R32

Skyline BNR32 (1989-1991)

Production 1989-1994

296.087 units sold

Layout Front engine, rear-wheel drive (FR) / all-wheel drive (4WD)

Engine (s) 1.8 I4 CA18I

2.0 L I6 RB20E

2.0 L I6 RB20DE

2.5 L I6 RB25DE

I6 2.0 L RB20DET

I6 2.6 L RB26DETT (GT-R, GTS-4R)

Transmission (s) 5-speed automatic

5-speed manual

Wheelbase of 2.615 mm (103.0 in)

Length 4.580 mm (180.3 in) (sedan)

Width 1.695 mm (66.7 in)

Height 1.340 mm (52.8 in) (sedan)

Curb weight 1.280 kg (2,821.9 lb) (type-m) 1.430 kg (3,152.6 lb) (GT-R, GTS-4R)

The HCR32 Skyline debuted in May 1989.tersedia with a 2-door coupe or four-door hardtop sedan. R32 is used ECCS (Electronic Concentrated Control System) injection system. Most models had HICAS four wheel steering, with a hydraulic rear wheel steering associated with the front. 2.5-liter version became one of the first production car to feature an automatic transmission 5-speed.ABS optional (except for the GT-R), LSD is standard on all turbo models and optional on the GXi. Nissan also produced 100 Australian models of the R32. This is the only non-Japanese Skylines only ever produced. There is also a 4WD version of the GTS-t Type M, called the GTS-4.

R32 Models:

* GXi Type-X - 1.8 L CA18i I4, 91 hp (67 kW)

* GTE Type-X - RB20E 2.0 L I6, 125 hp (93 kW, 152 N m)

* Type GTS-X, S, J - 2.0 L 155 hp I6 RB20DE (115 kW, 154 N m)

* GTS-25 Type-X, S, XG - RB25DE 2.5 L I6, 180 hp (134 kW, 231 N m)

* GTS-t Type-M - 2.0 L RB20DET turbo I6, 212 hp (158 kW, 265 N m)

* GTS-4 - 2.0 L RB20DET turbo I6, 212 hp (158 kW, 265 N m)

* Autech Skyline - 2.6 L RB26DE I6, 217 hp (162 kW, Autech Version - auto only)

* GT-R - 2.6 L RB26DETT twin-turbo I6, 276 hp (280ps) (206 kW, 368 N m) also NISMO, N1, V-Spec, and V-Spec II variants.

R33

Production 1993-1998

217.133 units sold

Body style (s) 4-door sedan

2-door coupe

Layout Front engine, rear-wheel drive / all-wheel drive

Engine (s) 2.0 L I6 RB20E

2.5 L I6 RB25DE

I6 2.5 L RB25DET

I6 2.6 L RB26DETT (GT-R)

2.8 L RBX-GT2 i6 (400R)

Transmission (s) 4-speed automatic

5-speed manual

5-speed automatic

Wheelbase of 2.720 mm (107.1 in)

Length 4.720 mm (185.8 in) (sedan)

Width 1.720 mm (67.7 in)

Height 1.360 mm (53.5 in) (sedan)

Curb weight 1.390 kg (3,064.4 lb) (GTS25-T)

1.530 kg (3,373.1 lb) (GT-R)

E-BCNR33 (R33) was developed in 1995 as a replacement for R32 model. Engineering at R33 was nearly identical to the R32. It uses the same turbocharged and specifications are the same for the manual gearbox.

R33 models:

* HR33 GTS - RB20E SOHC 2.0 L I6, 130 PS (96 kW, 172 N m)

* ER33 GTS25 - RB25DE DOHC 2.5 L I6, 190 PS (140 kW, 231 N m)

* ENR33 GTS-4 - 2.5 L RB25DE DOHC I6, 190 PS (140 kW, 231 N m) AWD

* ECR33 GTS25T - 2.5 L RB25DET DOHC turbo I6, 250 PS (184 kW, 294 N m)

* GT-R - 2.6 L RB26DETT DOHC twin-turbo I6, 305 PS (224 kW, 375 N m) (advertised as 280 PS) AWD

* GT-R LM - 2.6 L RB26DETT DOHC twin-turbo I6, 305 PS (224 kW) FR

* NISMO 400R - 2.8 L RBX-GT2 DOHC twin-turbo I6, 400 PS (294 kW, 478 N m) AWD

* 4Dr.GT Autech.version-R - 2.6 L RB26DETT DOHC twin-turbo I6, 305 PS (224 kW, 375 N m) (advertised as 280 PS) AWD

R34

Production 1998-2002

64.623 units sold

Body style (s) 4-door sedan, 2-door coupe

Layout Front engine, rear-wheel drive / all-wheel drive

Engine (s) 2.0 L I6 RB20DE (GT)

RB25DE I6 2.5 L (25 GT, GT-X, GT-V, GT-4)

I6 2.5 L RB25DET (GT-T)

I6 2.6 L RB26DETT (GT-R)

Transmission (s) 4-speed automatic

5-speed manual

6-speed manual

Wheelbase of 2.665 mm (104.9 in)

Length 4.705 mm (185.2 in) (sedan)

Width 1.725 mm (67.9 in) (sedan)

Height 1.375 mm (54.1 in) (sedan)

Curb weight 1.540 kg (3,395.1 lb) (GT-R)

1.410 kg (3,108.5 lb) (GT-T)

Nissan Skyline R34 GT-T the last of the generation skyline. R34 is the result of a cross between R33 and R32. The interior was updated to make it look modern. Improvement from previous models include much stiffer chassis and improved engine RB25DET type which is now called

NEO RB25DET.

The new Neo engine has enough torque increased significantly; 343nm power achieved at 3200rpm also increased to 206kw. Change the engine including the new NEO head which contains the solid lifters and valve timing is slightly larger, exhaust, turbo and intercooler to use larger, and now the compressor wheel is made from Nylon to reduce lag.

R34 Model:

* GT-R - 2.6 L RB26DETT twin-turbo I6, 332 PS (244 kW, 392 Nm) (advertised as 276) [24]

* GT-R V-Spec - Additional aero parts, brake ventilation ducts, diffuser.

* GT-R V-Spec II - As above + carbon fiber hood with NACA duct.

* GT-R N1 - N1 Blueprinted motor, no A / C, no stereo, no rear wiper, basic interior trim. (only 45 made)

* GT-R M-Spec - Leather interior, softer suspension with "Ripple Control" dampers, heated seats.

* GT-R V-Spec II Nur - As above + V-Spec II N1 motor, 300 km / h speedo. (only 750 made)

* GT-R M-Spec Nur - As above M-Spec + N1 motor, 300 km / h speedo. (only 253 made)

* GT-R NISMO S-tune

* GT-R NISMO R-tune

* GT-R NISMO Z-tune - 2.8 L (bored and stroked) RB26DETT Z2 twin-turbo I6, 500 PS (368 kW, 540 Nm) Z1 and Z2 (Only 20 made)

R35

Price $ 69,850 USD

engine VR38DETT6 Alloy 60 Degree V6

power 352.7 kw / 473 bhp @ 6400 rpm

torque 588.42 nm / 434 ft lbs @ 3200 rpm

body / frame Unit Steel CBA-R35

driven wheels ATTESA ET-S All-Wheel Drive (AWD) w / Carbon-Composite Driveshaft to Rear transaxle, Transfer Case

weight 1750 kg / 3859 lbs

wheelbase 2779 mm / 109.4 in

front track 1590 mm ​​/ 62.6 in

rear track 1600 mm / 63 in

length 4655 mm / 183.3 in

width 1895 mm / 74.6 in

height 1370 mm / 53.9 in

transmission 6-Speed ​​Dual Clutch Automatic Transmission

top speed of 310.54 kph / 193 mph

0-60 mph 3.5 seconds

0 - 1 / 4 mile 11.7 seconds

R35 GTR made ​​its debut at the Tokyo Motor Show 2007, and launched into the Japanese market December 6, 2007. R35 has an engine and rear-mounted dual-clutch gearbox are built by hand, limiting production to around 1000 cars per month. The Nissan GTR also features the world's first transaxle 4WD developed independently by Nissan.

Although Nissan GTR R35 no longer uses the emblem "Skyline" but Just like its predecessor, "R32-R34 ', R35 is an all-wheel drive with 6-cylinder twin turbo engine. Engine has been replaced with a new V6 VR38DETT, also a four-wheel-steering HICAS system has been deleted. The GTR R35, with the chassis code CBA-GTR dapatmencapai R35.Nissan claim a top speed of 195 mph "314 km / h" and Achieve 0-60 mph "97 km / clock "in 3.2 seconds

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5 Benefits of Exercise For Mental Health and Mind...

1. Reduce the damaging effects of stress.
Light exercise like running or fast walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes can be the instant way to release tension by increasing the levels of brain chemicals that are "calming" like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. According to a study at the University of California, San Francisco, exercise can work on a cellular level to reverse the adverse effects of stress on the aging process. The researchers found that women who perform physical activity an average of 45 minutes for three days had fewer cells that are experiencing the signs of aging compared with women with the same stress level but not active or do not exercise regularly. Exercise also helps convert blood flow to brain areas involved in relieving stress.




2. Reducing depression.
Research shows that regular exercise and other physical activities that stimulate the emergence of sweat for 3 times a week can reduce the symptoms of depression as effectively as antidepressants. That may be because the sport is believed to stimulate the growth of neurons in specific brain regions damaged during depression. Animal studies also found that exercise increases the brain will increase production of molecules that can enhance the relationship between nerve cells, thus acting as a natural antidepressant.



3. Improve the ability of learning something.
Exercise will increase growth factors in the brain that helps create new brain cells and establish new connections between brain cells to help you learn. Interestingly, complex activities, like playing tennis or dance classes, providing the biggest brain boost. As with any muscle, you have to suppress your brain cells to make them grow. Complex activities also increase the capacity to learn by improving attention and concentration abilities. According to German researchers, high school students showed better results in tasks that require a high concentration after a 10-minute fitness activity complex compared with a 10 minute routine.


4. Improving confidence and self-esteem.
You do not need to change your body shape drastically in advance to get it. Studies show that just by seeing an increase in fitness, such as running faster or lift heavier weights than before, can increase your confidence and respect towards yourself.


5. Makes you feel happy.
By doing the exercises, you will feel more fresh, fit and you will feel better and happy throughout the day.
Now, by knowing the various benefits of regular exercise for mental health and your mind, then start enter training as a priority in your daily schedule. Happy practicing!

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Fruit Fighting Flu

Erratic weather coupled with the frequent arrival of the rainy season makes the body we often get the flu.

Therefore vitamin is needed to boost your immune system from all sorts of diseases, not least the flu.

Well, as we know it will be a lot of vitamins found in fruits that often we consume daily which quoted from Inilah.com. What?

Banana

Banana is one of the B6-producing foods. The fruit is also mempu reduces depression, fatigue, stress and insomnia. Bananas are also high in magnesium which helps keep bones strong and rich in potassium which helps prevent heart disease and high blood pressure.

Cranberries

Cranberries have more antioxidants than other common fruits and vegetables. One serving of cranberries is equivalent to five times the amount of antioxidants of broccoli.

Cranberries are also a natural probiotic that increase levels of good bacteria in the digestive tract and protect against diseases caused by foodborne.

wine

Wine is also rich in vitamin C. This fruit also contains natural chemicals, known limonoids, which mempu lowering cholesterol. Types of red wine are also a source of lycopene in the fight against cancer.

apple

This fruit is the most popular sources of antioxidants. Apples have antioxidants which is equivalent to 1,500 mg of vitamin C. Apples are also loaded with protective flavonoids to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer.

SOURCE

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way of walking to burn more fat

Walking is the most mild cardio workout. Fewer calories burned than running, cycling or swimming. Even so, walking is an exercise that many people liked.


Want to burn more calories by walking? Consider the following tips, as quoted from the Health and wolipop.


1. Standing Upright
When the body is aligned, the back and buttocks muscles will work harder so you can walk faster and burn more calories. Stand upright with your back straight, ears, shoulders and hips aligned.


2. Small Steps
The best way to improve the speed and burn more calories is to walk with a small and fast.


3. Use the Hand
Bend your arm to form a 90 degree angle, then pump both arms forward and backward. This will increase your speed and course, burn more calories.


4. 'Sweep' Sidewalk
When running, do a sweeping motion on the soles of the feet when walking, ie, by lifting the heel and when the body rests on the finger tips, give encouragement. This movement is like to get rid of chewing gum stuck to the soles of shoes. This movement will move a lot of muscle so that more calories are burned.


5. Avoid Rise
Incline is good to burn more calories by bringing pressure on the body. But if you can not keep pace when climbing, then you should not have to pass a hill.


6. Heart Rate Increase
The tool is very good heart rate monitor to burn more calories while walking. This tool can be your personal trainer. The trick is to notice the heart rate indicated on the monitor, then tingkatkanlah heart rate by walking faster. Try to keep the heart rate did not decline during the run and will get the maximum calorie burn.


7. Choose the Right Shoes
Shoes designed for walking or running will provide additional power for you. Choose shoes with minimal cushioning and maximum flexibility at the front of the shoe.

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strategies to cope with the hot desert animals

Camels Dromedari

Dromedari, members of the camel tribe, able to withstand changes in body temperature that is greater than most other warm-blooded animals; body temperature can range between 34-41 degrees C. Because the temperature dropped very dramatically at night, the camel is still felt cold for a longer period of time during the next day. Thus, moisture is lost through sweating just a little camel.


Desert lizard

During the daytime, desert lizards dig a hole with his foot that frilly. Holes below the surface is relatively cold. Closing in on the eyes and nostrils to hold the grains of sand.

scorpion

During the day, some scorpions get into the hole to keep them cool and appear to hunt after sunset.


Fennec fox

Fennec foxes small North African dusk waiting in the shade of stone. 15 cm long ears that help cool the body by making the surface area to spread the heat.

Jeroba

Jerboa North Africa sleep in the lock during the day. These animals do not drink water because it can process a small amount of water they need from grain collected.

Kangaroo rats

Whip-tailed kangaroo rats found in the deserts of North America; his life in a deep hole underground. Mice can jump like a kangaroo and uses its tail for balance. These animals become active at night when the desert becomes cool. These rats did not drink the water due to water it needs from grains.

Adaks

Adaks is a large antelope of North Africa as adults can weigh 135 kg. Like other desert dwellers, including some other types of antelope, adaks get water from plants. With grazing in the morning or evening, this antelope may live for weeks without drinking.

SOURCE

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